This paper presents the analysis of the atheistic practices of socialization in the conditions of the initial stage of formation of Soviet society. The main directions of atheization of the population and struggle against religion are considered in Soviet Russia. The article describes the practice of destruction of the traditional system of values, ethical norms of behavior, conditions of everyday life of the Russian people. The role of educational institutions, youth and children’s Communist organizations in the process of atheistic socialization of Soviet citizens is analyzed.